Overview

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 5 Researches
5.5
USERS' SCORE
Excellent
Based on 104 Reviews
9
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Vitamin D3 (as Cholecalciferol) (from Lanolin)
50 mcg (2,000 IU)
250%

Top Medical Research Studies

We conducted a thorough investigation into whether high-dose intermittent vitamin D3 could alleviate symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and improve vascular health. This double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial involved patients meeting established criteria for CFS. Participants received either 100,000 units of vitamin D3 or a placebo every two months for six months.

Over the course of the study, we measured key outcomes such as arterial stiffness, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and fatigue levels through various tests. Surprisingly, our findings showed that vitamin D3 treatment did not lead to any significant improvements in these areas. We observed only a slight increase in vitamin D levels in the treatment group, but this did not translate into better vascular health or reduced fatigue.

In conclusion, we honestly found that high-dose vitamin D3 did not offer any notable benefits for patients struggling with chronic fatigue syndrome. This study highlights the complexities of treating CFS and suggests that vitamin D3 may not be the solution some had hoped for.
Read More
We conducted a study to see if high-dose vitamin D3 could improve vascular health and reduce fatigue in individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This was a well-structured trial involving 50 participants, all of whom met specific diagnostic criteria for CFS. Participants were divided into two groups: one received 100,000 units of vitamin D3 every two months, while the other received a placebo over a period of six months.

Despite a noticeable increase of 22 nmol/L in vitamin D levels for those who received the treatment compared to the placebo group, we found no significant benefits. There was no change in arterial stiffness, a key vascular health indicator, nor improvements in overall fatigue as measured by the Piper Fatigue scale.

In essence, our findings indicate that high-dose oral vitamin D3 does not offer the hoped-for relief in vascular function or fatigue for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. This suggests that other therapeutic options may need to be explored for individuals suffering from this condition.
Read More
9.5
Vitamin D treatment enhances alertness
We explored the impact of vitamin D treatment on a case of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), specifically in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome. A 28-year-old woman was found to have low levels of vitamin D after experiencing four months of overwhelming fatigue and sleepiness, despite being tested for sleep disorders.

After starting vitamin D supplementation, her condition improved remarkably within just two weeks. Along with a boost in alertness, her associated symptoms like muscle pain and headaches began to fade. By the end of the treatment, her score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, which measures daytime sleepiness, dropped significantly, indicating much better daytime function.

This case suggests that vitamin D may play a role in improving symptoms commonly linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this improvement, our findings open the door to potentially screening patients with chronic fatigue for vitamin D deficiency to expedite treatment.
Read More

Most Useful Reviews

9.5
Boosted immune system
Very good vitamins at a reasonable price. The whole family takes one small capsule daily with food. I've noticed a significant reduction in chronic fatigue syndrome and an improvement in my health, particularly after illnesses. Vitamin D3 supports recovery, strengthens bones, boosts muscle strength, and enhances mood. I've been taking it consistently and find it essential for my wellbeing, especially during the winter months.
Read More
8.8
Improved vitamin levels
As someone who faced low vitamin D levels, I can attest to its role in combating chronic fatigue syndrome. After six months of taking Vitamin D3, my levels increased from 17 ng/ml to 40 ng/ml. My endocrinologist highlighted its immunomodulatory effects. I consistently take it along with vitamin K2, Omega-3, and lecithin, doing regular blood tests to maintain optimum levels.
Read More
9.5
Eliminated colds
Wonderful vitamins, small capsules taken once daily. I've been using them for four months, and they have alleviated my chronic fatigue syndrome and helped me avoid colds.
Read More

Medical Researches

SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Questionable
Based on 5 Researches
5.5
  • All Researches
9.5
Vitamin D treatment enhances alertness
We explored the impact of vitamin D treatment on a case of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), specifically in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome. A 28-year-old woman was found to have low levels of vitamin D after experiencing four months of overwhelming fatigue and sleepiness, despite being tested for sleep disorders.

After starting vitamin D supplementation, her condition improved remarkably within just two weeks. Along with a boost in alertness, her associated symptoms like muscle pain and headaches began to fade. By the end of the treatment, her score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, which measures daytime sleepiness, dropped significantly, indicating much better daytime function.

This case suggests that vitamin D may play a role in improving symptoms commonly linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this improvement, our findings open the door to potentially screening patients with chronic fatigue for vitamin D deficiency to expedite treatment.
Read More
8
We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an oral food supplement (OFS) on long COVID patients, particularly focusing on chronic inflammation and fatigue. The supplement included components like rosehip, propolis, royal jelly, and zinc, with vitamin C being a key ingredient.

Through our two-month study, which involved giving participants either the OFS or a placebo, we made some interesting observations. Notably, patients who took the OFS experienced a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, which are often linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. This included improvements in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios.

We also noted a substantial increase in vitamin D levels among those taking the supplement, which correlated with enhanced quality of life and decreased fatigue as measured by the fatigue severity scale. Our findings suggest that the combination of ingredients in the OFS, particularly its vitamin D content, can help alleviate some symptoms associated with long COVID, especially chronic fatigue.

However, since the supplement included multiple active ingredients, isolating the specific impact of vitamin D on chronic fatigue syndrome is challenging. Still, the overall results indicate positive changes for patients dealing with the lingering effects of COVID.
Read More
8
Beta-glucan shows cognitive improvements
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to explore how yeast beta-glucan, along with multivitamins, affects individuals suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). In our study, 65 participants received either beta-glucan combined with vitamins and zinc or a placebo for 36 weeks.

Interestingly, while our primary focus was on beta-glucan, which was shown to significantly improve cognitive fatigue, the role of vitamin D3 within this combination was not clearly established. This makes it challenging to directly assess the impact of vitamin D3 alone on chronic fatigue syndrome outcomes.

Overall, we discovered that beta-glucan supplementation could positively influence cognitive fatigue, offering promise for future research on nutritional support in ME/CFS patients. However, definitive conclusions about vitamin D3's effectiveness remain inconclusive due to the combined nature of the treatment.
Read More
We conducted a thorough investigation into whether high-dose intermittent vitamin D3 could alleviate symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and improve vascular health. This double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial involved patients meeting established criteria for CFS. Participants received either 100,000 units of vitamin D3 or a placebo every two months for six months.

Over the course of the study, we measured key outcomes such as arterial stiffness, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and fatigue levels through various tests. Surprisingly, our findings showed that vitamin D3 treatment did not lead to any significant improvements in these areas. We observed only a slight increase in vitamin D levels in the treatment group, but this did not translate into better vascular health or reduced fatigue.

In conclusion, we honestly found that high-dose vitamin D3 did not offer any notable benefits for patients struggling with chronic fatigue syndrome. This study highlights the complexities of treating CFS and suggests that vitamin D3 may not be the solution some had hoped for.
Read More
We conducted a study to see if high-dose vitamin D3 could improve vascular health and reduce fatigue in individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). This was a well-structured trial involving 50 participants, all of whom met specific diagnostic criteria for CFS. Participants were divided into two groups: one received 100,000 units of vitamin D3 every two months, while the other received a placebo over a period of six months.

Despite a noticeable increase of 22 nmol/L in vitamin D levels for those who received the treatment compared to the placebo group, we found no significant benefits. There was no change in arterial stiffness, a key vascular health indicator, nor improvements in overall fatigue as measured by the Piper Fatigue scale.

In essence, our findings indicate that high-dose oral vitamin D3 does not offer the hoped-for relief in vascular function or fatigue for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. This suggests that other therapeutic options may need to be explored for individuals suffering from this condition.
Read More

User Reviews

USERS' SCORE
Excellent
Based on 104 Reviews
9
  • All Reviews
  • Positive Reviews
  • Negative Reviews
9.5
Boosted immune system
Very good vitamins at a reasonable price. The whole family takes one small capsule daily with food. I've noticed a significant reduction in chronic fatigue syndrome and an improvement in my health, particularly after illnesses. Vitamin D3 supports recovery, strengthens bones, boosts muscle strength, and enhances mood. I've been taking it consistently and find it essential for my wellbeing, especially during the winter months.
Read More
8.8
Improved vitamin levels
As someone who faced low vitamin D levels, I can attest to its role in combating chronic fatigue syndrome. After six months of taking Vitamin D3, my levels increased from 17 ng/ml to 40 ng/ml. My endocrinologist highlighted its immunomodulatory effects. I consistently take it along with vitamin K2, Omega-3, and lecithin, doing regular blood tests to maintain optimum levels.
Read More
9.5
Eliminated colds
Wonderful vitamins, small capsules taken once daily. I've been using them for four months, and they have alleviated my chronic fatigue syndrome and helped me avoid colds.
Read More
9.5
Strengthened mood
Wonderful vitamins that I've been taking for four months. They have helped me overcome chronic fatigue syndrome, and I haven't felt ill at all.
Read More
9.5
Fewer sick days
Since beginning vitamin D, I've had less chronic fatigue syndrome and have not fallen ill throughout winter. I believe this is directly related to my vitamin D intake. Energy levels have also improved, and I encourage anyone in similar latitudes to consider taking it.
Read More

Frequently Asked Questions

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a complex and debilitating condition characterized by profound fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest and worsens with physical or mental activity. This crippling fatigue is often accompanied by a variety of symptoms, including sleep disturbances, cognitive difficulties, muscle pain, and joint pain. Unlike typical tiredness, the fatigue experienced in CFS is long-lasting, and it can significantly hinder everyday activities and overall quality of life.

The precise cause of CFS remains unknown, but it is believed to be influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, immunological, and psychological factors. Diagnosis primarily relies on a careful assessment of symptoms, as there are no definitive laboratory tests available. Treatment options focus on symptom management and may include lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medication for pain management, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Given the complexity and variability of the condition, individuals with CFS should consult healthcare professionals who specialize in this area to develop personalized management strategies.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that's essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth, supporting immune system function, and facilitating normal cell growth and development. It plays a crucial role in calcium absorption in the gut, which is vital for bone health. Unlike most vitamins, our bodies can produce Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, specifically UVB rays, which is why it’s often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin." However, depending on your geographical location, lifestyle, and skin type, getting sufficient Vitamin D from the sun alone can be challenging, particularly during the winter months.

In addition to sunlight, Vitamin D can be obtained from certain foods such as fatty fish (like salmon and mackerel), fish liver oils, and fortified foods like milk and cereals. Some individuals may also consider supplements, especially if they're at risk for deficiency. Insufficient vitamin D levels are linked to various health issues, including rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, and even an increased risk of chronic diseases. Regularly checking your vitamin D levels and consulting with a healthcare professional can help ensure you're meeting your needs for optimal health.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a complex disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that doesn't improve with rest and may be exacerbated by physical or mental activity. While the causes of CFS remain unclear, there is ongoing research into various interventions that may alleviate its symptoms, including vitamin D supplementation. Some studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D could be linked to fatigue and may play a role in immune function, potentially impacting CFS. However, definitive clinical evidence confirming that vitamin D can help specifically with CFS is still lacking.

If you suspect that low vitamin D levels could be contributing to your fatigue, it might be worthwhile to discuss this with your healthcare provider. They can recommend blood tests to assess your vitamin D status and evaluate the potential benefits of supplementation if necessary. It's important to approach any treatment plan for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome comprehensively, as this multifaceted condition often requires a combination of therapies tailored to individual needs.

Based on user reviews, the time frame for experiencing results from taking this vitamin for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome varies, with many users reporting noticeable improvements in their symptoms within a relatively short period. Several reviewers, such as one who began noticing changes after just a few days (Read Review), indicate that initial benefits can manifest quickly. Others have experienced significant changes after one month of regular use (Read Review).

However, some users have suggested that consistent use over several months leads to more sustained improvements. For example, one reviewer noted improvements after six months of supplementation with Vitamin D3 (Read Review). Ultimately, while many users report feeling better within weeks, others feel that the most substantial benefits are seen with continued use over months, highlighting the importance of patience and consistency when addressing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome with this supplement.

The scientific research surrounding supplements for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) paints a complex picture. Certain studies suggest that components like vitamin D could potentially help alleviate symptoms associated with fatigue. For example, a trial focusing on an oral food supplement indicated improvements in chronic fatigue symptoms among participants, particularly through increases in vitamin D levels, which correlated with enhanced quality of life and reduced fatigue [1]. Moreover, a case report highlighted a significant improvement in a patient with CFS after vitamin D supplementation that enhanced alertness and reduced fatigue symptoms [3].

However, other studies targeting high-dose vitamin D3 specifically for CFS have not demonstrated significant benefits, showing that this treatment does not lead to measurable improvements in fatigue or vascular health [5]. Another investigation involving yeast beta-glucan with multivitamins found some positive effects on cognitive fatigue but didn't isolate the impact of vitamin D3 [4]. Collectively, while there are indications that certain nutrients might provide some relief, particularly vitamin D, the overall evidence remains mixed, calling for more targeted research to determine effective treatments for CFS.

Based on user reviews, many individuals report notable improvements in their symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome after incorporating this Vitamin D3 supplement into their daily routine. A common thread among users is an increase in energy levels and a reduction in feelings of fatigue. For instance, one reviewer noted that after taking the vitamin for one month, they experienced significant increases in their overall energy, mood, and sleep quality (Read Review). Others have described feeling revitalized and alert after longer periods of consistent use—one user claimed they felt "much better" and more energized after six months (Read Review).

Anecdotal experiences suggest that improvements can be both immediate and gradual. Some users noted feeling better within just a few days of starting the supplement (Read Review). Reviews frequently highlight enhanced moods and overall wellbeing as users reported improvements in their quality of life, with one stating that after a month, the vitamin helped them feel "revitalized and at peace" (Read Review). However, it's important to keep in mind that individual results can vary, and not everyone might experience the same level of benefit from the supplement.

Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported positive experiences when combining Vitamin D3 with other supplements for managing Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). One user indicated that taking Vitamin D3 alongside vitamin K2, Omega-3, and lecithin significantly improved their vitamin levels and overall health, as they saw a substantial increase in their vitamin D levels over six months (Read Review). This user emphasized the importance of regular monitoring through blood tests to optimize nutrient levels, suggesting that a multi-faceted approach may yield better outcomes for those suffering from CFS.

In addition to combining Vitamin D3 with specific supplements, users frequently shared that their symptoms improved markedly after supplementing with Vitamin D3, supporting its effectiveness in enhancing energy and mood. Several reviewers highlighted significant gains in energy levels, recovery from fatigue, and improved well-being with regular use of the vitamin, often attributing these benefits to consistent supplementation alongside other health measures (Read Review) (Read Review). Overall, there seems to be a consensus that a well-rounded approach, including Vitamin D3 and complementary supplements, can enhance the management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

Based on user reviews, the optimal dose for treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) with Vitamin D appears to vary, but many users report significant improvements with a consistent daily intake. One user mentioned taking a small capsule daily and noted a "significant reduction in chronic fatigue syndrome," reinforcing the idea that consistent supplementation is key to experiencing benefits (Read Review). Another user, who faced low vitamin D levels, reported an increase from 17 ng/ml to 40 ng/ml after six months of daily Vitamin D3, indicating the importance of incremental dosage adjustments (Read Review).

Several users observed improvements in energy levels, mood, and overall well-being after taking Vitamin D daily, with comments highlighting a drastic reduction in CFS symptoms (Read Review) (Read Review). Moreover, some reviewers emphasized the importance of monitoring vitamin D levels along with other supplements like K2 and Omega-3 to optimize results (Read Review). Overall, while exact dosages are not specified across all reviews, the consensus suggests daily supplementation can be highly beneficial for those grappling with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

9.5
Fatigue improvements
I must express my gratitude for this product. Struggling with chronic fatigue syndrome for years, I finally tried this vitamin. After a few days, I began noticing positive changes.
8.3
Easier wakefulness
Since taking vitamin D, I've noticed a reduction in chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms. I wake up more easily and feel less tired overall. My chronic pain has lessened, and my mood has improved significantly after just a month of supplementation.
8.8
Improved vitamin levels
As someone who faced low vitamin D levels, I can attest to its role in combating chronic fatigue syndrome. After six months of taking Vitamin D3, my levels increased from 17 ng/ml to 40 ng/ml. My endocrinologist highlighted its immunomodulatory effects. I consistently take it along with vitamin K2, Omega-3, and lecithin, doing regular blood tests to maintain optimum levels.
9.5
Chronic pain relief
I've been taking this vitamin for a month and feel fantastic! My energy, mood, and sleep quality have improved significantly. This supplement has made a massive difference in my chronic fatigue syndrome.
9.5
Feeling revitalised
After taking this vitamin for over six months, I feel much better. I am alert, focused, and energetic – my chronic fatigue syndrome no longer holds me back from tackling the day!
9.5
Enhanced energy levels
Marvellous! I suffered from chronic fatigue syndrome and was perpetually tired. This vitamin has significantly improved my energy and overall wellbeing. After a month, I feel revitalised and at peace!
9.5
Strengthened mood
Wonderful vitamins that I've been taking for four months. They have helped me overcome chronic fatigue syndrome, and I haven't felt ill at all.
8.8
Increased energy
I take this vitamin daily and can truly feel the difference. It has raised my energy levels, alleviating my chronic fatigue syndrome, enabling me to do my job efficiently!
9.5
Boosted immune system
Very good vitamins at a reasonable price. The whole family takes one small capsule daily with food. I've noticed a significant reduction in chronic fatigue syndrome and an improvement in my health, particularly after illnesses. Vitamin D3 supports recovery, strengthens bones, boosts muscle strength, and enhances mood. I've been taking it consistently and find it essential for my wellbeing, especially during the winter months.
8.8
Improved energy and mood
Since I began taking this vitamin for chronic fatigue syndrome upon my doctor's advice, I've noticed an uplift in my energy and mood over these past few months. My fatigue has decreased considerably.
8
We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an oral food supplement (OFS) on long COVID patients, particularly focusing on chronic inflammation and fatigue. The supplement included components like rosehip, propolis, royal jelly, and zinc, with vitamin C being a key ingredient.

Through our two-month study, which involved giving participants either the OFS or a placebo, we made some interesting observations. Notably, patients who took the OFS experienced a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, which are often linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. This included improvements in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios.

We also noted a substantial increase in vitamin D levels among those taking the supplement, which correlated with enhanced quality of life and decreased fatigue as measured by the fatigue severity scale. Our findings suggest that the combination of ingredients in the OFS, particularly its vitamin D content, can help alleviate some symptoms associated with long COVID, especially chronic fatigue.

However, since the supplement included multiple active ingredients, isolating the specific impact of vitamin D on chronic fatigue syndrome is challenging. Still, the overall results indicate positive changes for patients dealing with the lingering effects of COVID.
9.5
Vitamin D treatment enhances alertness
We explored the impact of vitamin D treatment on a case of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), specifically in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome. A 28-year-old woman was found to have low levels of vitamin D after experiencing four months of overwhelming fatigue and sleepiness, despite being tested for sleep disorders.

After starting vitamin D supplementation, her condition improved remarkably within just two weeks. Along with a boost in alertness, her associated symptoms like muscle pain and headaches began to fade. By the end of the treatment, her score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, which measures daytime sleepiness, dropped significantly, indicating much better daytime function.

This case suggests that vitamin D may play a role in improving symptoms commonly linked to chronic fatigue syndrome. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this improvement, our findings open the door to potentially screening patients with chronic fatigue for vitamin D deficiency to expedite treatment.
We conducted a thorough investigation into whether high-dose intermittent vitamin D3 could alleviate symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and improve vascular health. This double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial involved patients meeting established criteria for CFS. Participants received either 100,000 units of vitamin D3 or a placebo every two months for six months.

Over the course of the study, we measured key outcomes such as arterial stiffness, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and fatigue levels through various tests. Surprisingly, our findings showed that vitamin D3 treatment did not lead to any significant improvements in these areas. We observed only a slight increase in vitamin D levels in the treatment group, but this did not translate into better vascular health or reduced fatigue.

In conclusion, we honestly found that high-dose vitamin D3 did not offer any notable benefits for patients struggling with chronic fatigue syndrome. This study highlights the complexities of treating CFS and suggests that vitamin D3 may not be the solution some had hoped for.
8
Beta-glucan shows cognitive improvements
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to explore how yeast beta-glucan, along with multivitamins, affects individuals suffering from Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). In our study, 65 participants received either beta-glucan combined with vitamins and zinc or a placebo for 36 weeks.

Interestingly, while our primary focus was on beta-glucan, which was shown to significantly improve cognitive fatigue, the role of vitamin D3 within this combination was not clearly established. This makes it challenging to directly assess the impact of vitamin D3 alone on chronic fatigue syndrome outcomes.

Overall, we discovered that beta-glucan supplementation could positively influence cognitive fatigue, offering promise for future research on nutritional support in ME/CFS patients. However, definitive conclusions about vitamin D3's effectiveness remain inconclusive due to the combined nature of the treatment.

References

  1. Noce A, Marrone G, Di Lauro M, Vita C, Montalto G, et al. Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fatigue Effects of an Oral Food Supplement in Long COVID Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17. doi:10.3390/ph17040463
  2. Witham MD, Adams F, McSwiggan S, Kennedy G, Kabir G, et al. Effect of intermittent vitamin D3 on vascular function and symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome--a randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25:287. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.007
  3. McCarty DE. Resolution of hypersomnia following identification and treatment of vitamin d deficiency. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:605.
  4. Lacasa M, Alegre-Martin J, Sentañes RS, Varela-Sende L, Jurek J, et al. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation with Multivitamins Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2023;15. doi:10.3390/nu15214504
  5. Witham MD, Adams F, McSwiggan S, Kennedy G, Kabir G, et al. Effect of intermittent vitamin D3 on vascular function and symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome--a randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25:287. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.007
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